Universal Index Library of Eurasian Journal of Medical and Natural Sciences

One of the most prevalent locations for extrapulmonary TB is the lymph nodes, especially the thoracic lymph nodes. However, nothing is known about Mtb infection in these organs. Lymph nodes are habitats for Mtb development and persistence in addition to being locations where the adaptive immune system is initiated. Granuloma growth brought on by Mtb infection disturbs and, if it grows large enough, destroys the lymph node's regular design, which is essential to its operation. Effective TB vaccines seem to stop Mtb from moving from the lungs to the lymph nodes in preclinical animals. Future studies evaluating the efficacy of vaccines and anti-TB drug treatments should take into account the effects on thoracic lymph nodes, not just the lungs. Finally, drug penetration to the lymph nodes is poor compared to blood, lung tissue, and lung granulomas.

Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by impaired neuromuscular transmission, which leads to muscle weakness, rapid fatigability, and the risk of life-threatening complications. Despite advances in pharmacological therapy, there remains a need for additional approaches that can improve treatment efficacy, reduce side effects, and enhance patients’ quality of life. One of the promising directions is photobiomodulation (PBM), a physiotherapeutic method based on the use of low-intensity laser or LED irradiation. In recent years, PBM has been actively studied in neurology and immunology due to its ability to modulate mitochondrial activity, reduce inflammatory responses, and support cognitive functions. This paper discusses the potential mechanisms and clinical effects of PBM in myasthenia gravis, as well as its possible impact on immuno-inflammatory markers associated with disease activity.

Acyclovir is effective against herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2, varicella zoster virus (VZV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Acyclovir is taken up by the virus infected cell, converted to acyclovir triphosphate (by viral thymidine kinase) and this inhibits viral DNA synthesis by inhibiting viral DNA polyme rases and causing DNA chain termination. Like acyclovir, valaciclovir, ganciclovir, valganciclovir, famciclovir, penciclovir and idoxuridine get converted to their respective monophosphate, diphosphate and then triphosphate derivatives which are the active metabolites. The active metabolite inhibits viral DNA/RNA polymerases and interferes with viral replication [1].

The global prevalence of viral hepatitis is very high and seems to be rising over the years. The infection can profoundly affect pregnant women causing significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality with some strains much worse than others.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction is a multifactorial condition accompanied by pain, restricted mandibular movements, and impaired masticatory function. Neuromuscular disorders, including myofascial pain syndrome, muscle spasm, and imbalance of masticatory muscle tone, play a key role in its development. These changes are closely associated with disturbances of the central and autonomic nervous systems. The article provides a review of current literature data on the pathogenetic role of neuromuscular disorders in TMJ dysfunction and their importance for diagnosis and treatment

To study the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy in the treatment of obstructive laryngitis (croup) in children.  A retrospective analysis of the case histories of 163 children aged 3 months to 5 years who were admitted to the State Clinical Hospital No. 3 in Tashkent for the period from 2019 to 2021 with a diagnosis of obstructive laryngitis was carried out. All children, depending on the severity of croup, were divided into 4 groups and all of them received antibiotic therapy. The comparison group consisted of 22 children with mild to moderate croup who did not receive antibiotic therapy. The effectiveness of antibiotic therapy was assessed by the timing of the disappearance of the clinical symptoms of the disease: the normalization of body temperature, the disappearance of symptoms of intoxication, shortness of breath, cough, restoration of voice, the duration of inpatient treatment.

Endocrine disorders are among the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide, with significant impact on public health and quality of life. Primary health care plays a crucial role in the early detection and prevention of such conditions, including diabetes mellitus, thyroid dysfunctions, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Timely diagnosis at the primary care level allows for more effective interventions, reduces the risk of complications, and decreases the overall economic burden on the healthcare system. This study aims to analyze the current challenges in early identification of endocrine diseases, assess preventive measures, and propose strategies to improve diagnostic efficiency and patient outcomes in primary health care settings.

Gynecologic cancers, including cervical, ovarian, endometrial, vulvar, and vaginal malignancies, represent a major global health burden among women. Early detection and timely intervention are critical to improving survival rates and quality of life. This paper analyzes current approaches to early diagnosis, treatment modalities, and preventive strategies in gynecologic oncology. Screening programs such as Pap smear and HPV testing remain the gold standard for cervical cancer detection, while imaging techniques and biomarker research are expanding opportunities for early ovarian and endometrial cancer identification. Treatment strategies range from surgery and radiotherapy to targeted therapy and immunotherapy, with personalized medicine gaining increasing relevance. Preventive measures, including HPV vaccination, genetic counseling, and lifestyle modifications, are crucial in reducing the incidence of these malignancies. The analysis underscores the need for multidisciplinary management, patient education, and health policy interventions to enhance outcomes

Environmental pollution has emerged as one of the most critical determinants of global health, particularly affecting maternal and fetal outcomes. In recent decades, the increasing incidence of congenital heart defects (CHDs) in newborns has been strongly associated with environmental risk factors such as air pollution, exposure to heavy metals, pesticides, and maternal lifestyle changes. This paper investigates the relationship between environmental determinants and the pathogenesis of CHDs, emphasizing the growing burden in developing countries. The study reviews international and national data, identifying gaps in environmental health regulation and maternal healthcare policies. Preventive measures—including enhanced air quality control, maternal health education, and prenatal screening—are discussed as essential components of an integrated global strategy. The findings underline the urgent need for intersectoral collaboration between environmental, public health, and policy-making institutions to protect future generations from environmentally induced congenital heart diseases.

Hepatocerebral degeneration, also known as acquired hepatocerebral degeneration (AHD), is a rare neurological complication of chronic liver disease. It results from the accumulation of neurotoxic substances such as manganese and ammonia in the central nervous system, primarily affecting the basal ganglia. The condition manifests as extrapyramidal symptoms, tremor, rigidity, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric disturbances. This article presents a clinical case of a 52-year-old male with chronic liver cirrhosis who developed progressive neurological symptoms consistent with hepatocerebral degeneration. Diagnostic imaging, laboratory results, and therapeutic management are described. The report highlights the importance of early recognition and multidisciplinary treatment to prevent irreversible brain damage.

This article presents a comparative analysis of the efficacy and safety of PUVA therapy and narrowband UVB (NB-UVB) therapy in patients with psoriasis. A study was conducted among patients in Uzbekistan, assessing the dynamics of the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), the frequency of adverse effects, and the duration of remission. The results demonstrate that NB-UVB therapy surpasses PUVA in several clinical parameters, making it the preferred treatment modality in clinical practice.

In recent decades, the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as many countries worldwide, has experienced a steady increase in interest toward plant-based biologically active supplements (BAS). This trend is driven by growing public attention to disease prevention, a preference for natural remedies, and the dynamic development of the nutraceutical market. Nevertheless, significant challenges persist regarding the standardization, regulatory framework, and quality control of these products. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the current state of plant-based BAS usage, alongside the existing regulatory, standardization, and safety assurance challenges.

In this article, the acute toxicological properties and local analgesic (anesthetic) activity of tannins isolated from plants Salvia Sclarea L. (sage) and Matricaria Chamomilla L. (chamomile) were studied on an experimental animal model (mice). The acute toxicity index was studied by oral administration (per os) of the substance to animals in various doses (100.0–15800.0 mg/kg). The experimental results showed that the acute toxicity index, estimated by LD₅₀, was 14600.3 mg/kg with oral administration of tannin, which confirms the classification of this substance as low-toxic. The anesthetic activity was studied using the methods of Rainier, as well as Bulbring and Vida. In experiments conducted using the Rainier method with 0.5% tannin solution, the time of onset of anesthesia was 3.7±0.3 minutes, the time of complete anesthesia was 12.1±0.7 minutes, and the total duration was 15.8 ± 0.9 minutes. The results of the Bulbring and Vida method confirmed that the substance has a dose-dependent pain-reducing effect; in this model, the maximum effect of 0.5% tannin solution was also observed. The results of the study show the prospects of introducing tannins of natural origin into medical practice as a low-toxic compound with local analgesic effect.

The article is a literary review devoted to impact in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The data of foreign , russian and uzbek literature has been studied using scientific search library databases: PubMed, Elibrary. The literature analysis was conducted based on 20 sources. The conducted analysis of literature data on issues in children and adolescents shows that this topic does not lose its relevance.

The article presents the technology for the preparation of inhibited acid and synergistic inhibitor compositions based on products obtained by aminolysis with triethanolamine (TEA) by recycling polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste. Inhibited acid was formed by adding 20–25% mass hydrochloric acid to the aminolysis product obtained on the basis of PET:TEA. The level of corrosion protection of this inhibitor was evaluated on St.3 steel samples in various aggressive environments (NaCl, mineralized water, paraffin mixtures).  As a result, a protection level of 99.8–99.9% was determined at an inhibitor concentration of 10 g/l. The effectiveness of synergistic inhibitor compositions based on IXK–DEA–urea–formaldehyde–orthophosphoric acid in protecting against the accumulation of mineral salts was also studied. The results obtained confirm the temperature and environmental stability of the inhibitors, as well as the economic and environmental efficiency of PET waste recycling.

All of the body's organs and tissues have muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, commonly referred to as M receptors. These receptors primarily function in cholinergic nerve conduction.  Although there are five distinct subtypes of muscarinic ACh receptors, it is still unclear how each of them affects cardiac function pharmacologically.  Muscarinic ACh receptors may have an impact on functional myocardial disorders and myocardial traumas, including arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, myocarditis, and myocardial fibrosis. In order to develop better strategies and provide references for further revealing and clarifying the signal transduction and mechanisms of muscarinic ACh receptors in cardiomyocytes, as well as to identify potential myocardial protective drugs that act on muscarinic ACh receptors, this article reviews the research progress on the regulation of myocardial function by muscarinic ACh receptors and related diseases.

Derivatives of oxadiazole or furadiazole rings are known to be a significant family of heterocyclic compounds.  Oxadiazole is a five-membered heterocyclic ring with two carbons, one oxygen atom, two nitrogen atoms, and two double bonds.  They are made from furan by substituting two nitrogen (-N =) atoms for two methylene groups (= CH).  By substituting these groups in the furan ring, the aromaticity was decreased to the point where conjugated diene character is evident.  There were four distinct oxadiazole isomers that were known to exist: 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,3-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, and 1,3,4-oxadiazole. 1,3,4-thiadiazole's chemistry is one of the most intriguing scaffolds for creating novel therapeutic compounds because of its many pharmacological properties.  Numerous changes have been made to the thiadiazole ring, which has demonstrated that it is more powerful and highly useful for a variety of biological functions with a less hazardous structure.  Numerous medications on the market have a 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring in their composition. 

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common condition affecting not only the digestive system but also the oral cavity, clinically manifesting with a variety of symptoms. This article analyzes the extraesophageal manifestations of GERD, specifically those associated with dental symptoms, such as enamel erosion, pathological wear, caries, and bruxism. An analysis of the scientific literature shows that the severity and prevalence of these symptoms are directly related to the duration of GERD, its clinical form, the patient's age and behavior, hygiene, and diet. However, pathogenetically substantiated approaches to the early detection and effective prevention of dental manifestations of this disease have not yet been developed. This article examines the impact of the disease on the acid-base balance in the oral cavity, the mechanisms of development of dental complications, and the possibilities for their elimination. Further study of the relationship between GERD and dental pathology requires an integrative approach and is considered an important direction for future research in this area.

Congenital diseases of the hip joint, which include hip joint dysplasia and congenital hip dislocation, rank first in frequency not only among the segments of the lower limb, but also in relation to diseases of other localizations of the musculoskeletal system. The main diagnostic methods for hip joint pathologies are ultrasound and radiological examination. However, in cases of hip joint pathology, there are several generally accepted standards of treatment — both conservative and surgical. Yet, it is not always possible to successfully apply one or another treatment method as desired in practice. After conservative treatment, adduction contracture of the hip joint often develops. In this regard, an individualized approach that takes into account the condition of the surrounding tissues acquires particular importance in treatment. The use of minimally invasive treatment methods, considering the surrounding tissues, is aimed at reducing complications.

The treatment of wounds that do not heal for a long time has worried doctors since ancient times. Doctors from different countries were looking for ways to solve this problem. This issue has not lost its relevance at the moment. Every specialist knows that the treatment of chronic wounds is a difficult task for surgeons. This article is devoted to an overview of the problems of chronic wounds and modern methods of influencing the wound process that does not heal for a long time

Ischemic stroke remains a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, despite advances in acute interventions and risk factor management. Insulin resistance (IR) — traditionally associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus — has emerged as an independent, modifiable risk factor for ischemic stroke. Beyond its metabolic implications, IR promotes endothelial dysfunction, accelerates atherosclerosis, enhances thrombogenesis, and exacerbates neuroinflammatory and oxidative processes, thereby influencing both stroke incidence and prognosis.  This review synthesizes current evidence on the role of IR in ischemic stroke pathogenesis, integrating epidemiological data, molecular mechanisms, and potential clinical applications.  Literature from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (2010–2025) was analyzed, prioritizing cohort studies, randomized trials, and mechanistic research.

Stomach ulcers disease is a chronic disease in which trophic disorders occur in the gastric mucosa. Peptic ulcer disease is most often observed in men aged 20-50 years, the disease is characterized by frequent relapses in the spring and autumn months. The causes of peptic ulcer disease are usually stresses that aggravate the human nervous system, which in turn causes spasm of the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract and blood vessels. As a result, the blood supply to the stomach is impaired and gastric juice affects the mucous membrane. Peptic ulcer disease (lat. Ulcus gastrica) is a chronic disease in which trophic disorders occur in the gastric mucosa. Peptic ulcer disease is most often observed in men aged 20-50 years. The disease is characterized by frequent relapses in the spring and autumn seasons.

In most cases, sepsis is caused by gram-positive flora. However, in patients without hematogenous dissemination, gram-negative microorganisms were microbiologically confirmed. Diagnosis of sepsis is a very difficult question. About 30% of sepsis cases remain without bacteriological confirmation. About 40-45% of sepsis cases are caused by staphylococci. However, 80% of cases of surgical infection is combined with an anaerobic infection. Surgical treatment of sepsis is considered to be the most relevant. Especially sepsis due to inflammatory diseases of soft tissues, treatment should begin with an urgent surgical intervention.

This study presents the results of an acute toxicity assessment of the product “Sila Kremniya Nanokremniy”, based on silicon nanoparticles supplemented with microelements. The research was conducted on laboratory mice and rats under standard conditions. The findings revealed that the tested compound did not produce any signs of acute toxicity even at high doses (up to 5000 mg/kg), indicating its safety for further pharmacological research.

Study of the elemental composition of Luffa echinata Roxb. fruits using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry The elemental composition of Luffa echinata Roxb. fruits was studied using the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (Avio-200 ICP-OES) method. As a result of the conducted studies, macroelements (K, Ca, P, Na, Mg) and microelements (Fe, Al, Si, Li, Cu, Zn, Pb, Mo, Ba, Sr, B, Mn, Ni, V, Cr, Co, Se, S) were identified in the studied raw material types, of which 10 are considered essential (K, Na, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo, Mn).

In the field of pharmacy, it is essential for any pharmaceutical product to undergo comprehensive stability testing. This is a critical step before a product can be approved and made available to the public. The purpose of these tests is to ensure that the product's quality, safety, and efficacy remain consistent throughout its entire shelf life. This article details a stability study and the subsequent shelf-life determination for an investigational drug, a hepatoprotective infusion solution known as "Gepaton."

Modern anatomy is rapidly being transformed by medical imaging technologies—from light/electron microscopy and micro-CT to point-of-care ultrasound, MRI/CT, ​​virtual tables, and 3D printing. This review synthesizes data on the didactic value of these methods, their diagnostic capabilities, typical curriculum integration scenarios, and digital ecosystems (3D Slicer, open anatomical databases, and "Visible Human" projects). It is shown that the inclusion of medical imaging and 3D technologies is associated with improved spatial cognition, knowledge retention, and student engagement. The evidence base is most developed for point-of-care ultrasound education (POCUS), virtual tables, and 3D printing, while micro-CT primarily serves scientific and demonstration purposes with its unique resolution of soft tissue structures. A practical "integration ladder" for medical schools, taking into account resources, is proposed.

Connective tissue in the liver is primarily represented by collagen and reticular fibers. In diseases of the biliary system, the balance between the stroma and parenchyma undergoes significant changes. In cases of cholestasis, both in patients and experimental animals, a marked disorganization of the liver architecture is observed. Under normal conditions, reticular fibers are synthesized by lipocytes, whereas under pathological conditions they are produced by fibroblast-like cells.

ronchopulmonary pathology in children is a broad group of respiratory diseases, including congenital and acquired lesions of the bronchi and lungs, which are among the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality. Children are characterized by anatomical and physiological immaturity of the respiratory tract, an underdeveloped immune system, and high susceptibility to infectious agents, which predetermines their increased vulnerability to respiratory diseases. The most common forms of bronchopulmonary pathology in childhood include acute and chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and congenital anomalies of the respiratory system. In recent decades, there has been an increase in chronic respiratory diseases, which is associated with exposure to unfavorable environmental factors, urbanization, changes in the microbiota, and an increase in the number of children with allergic diseases. Studying the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, and risk factors of bronchopulmonary diseases in children is a key area of ​​modern pediatrics and pulmonology, as early diagnosis and timely treatment significantly improve prognosis, prevent complications, and enhance the child's quality of life.

Members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, although natural constituents of the gut microbiota, are responsible for numerous severe infections, including bloodstream infections. β-lactam antibiotics have long represented the cornerstone of therapeutic management for these infections. However, extensive and often inappropriate use of these agents has led to the emergence and global spread of β-lactam-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. The principal mechanism of resistance involves the production of β-lactam–inactivating enzymes, notably extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases, which confer multidrug resistance and significantly restrict therapeutic options. Consequently, β-lactam resistance is associated with increased drug toxicity, higher mortality rates, and greater healthcare costs. This review summarizes current evidence on the molecular mechanisms and epidemiological trends of β-lactamase-mediated resistance among Enterobacteriaceae, emphasizing its clinical implications and public health impact.

Organic emotional lability in ischemic stroke represents a complex and multifaceted clinical phenomenon characterized by impaired emotional regulation, increased sensitivity to minor stimuli, frequent mood fluctuations, and reduced resistance to stress factors. This condition has deep pathophysiological roots associated with damage to brain structures involved in emotion regulation, including the frontal lobes, limbic system, and brainstem formations. Emotional lability significantly worsens patients’ quality of life, impedes social adaptation, and substantially complicates post-stroke rehabilitation measures.

Breastfeeding is the natural and most physiological method of feeding newborns, exerting a multifaceted influence on their health, growth, and development. This article examines the immunological benefits of breast milk, including its role in developing innate and adaptive immunity, reducing the risk of infectious and allergic diseases, and maintaining the child's gut microbiota. The article analyzes the results of modern research demonstrating that breastfeeding promotes the production of protective antibodies, increases the body's resistance to viruses and bacteria, and has a long-term positive effect on the child's immune status in later life.

Macrosomia is associated with perinatal and neonatal complications and is considered a significant problem in modern obstetrics. The postpartum period, especially in women who have given birth, is characterised by physiological hypoestrogenism due to lactation. Despite the clear clinical significance of these changes, there is a lack of research in the literature on the combined effect of lactation and macrosomia on the mother and foetus. This makes it difficult to formulate reliable clinical recommendations for the management and rehabilitation of women in the postpartum period.

Dental implantation is one of the most effective and widely used methods for the replacement of missing teeth. The article discusses modern approaches to dental implantation, including the application of digital technologies, navigation systems, and advanced surgical techniques. Special attention is given to 3D planning, the use of implants with enhanced osseointegration properties, and the role of bone augmentation in comprehensive patient rehabilitation. Comparative clinical data on the effectiveness of different implantation methods, osseointegration time, and prosthetic stability are presented. The obtained results confirm the high clinical efficiency of modern dental implantation technologies in restoring the function and aesthetics of the dentition.